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Bilan et perspectives de l'intégration africaine, Un monde en transformation : Perspectives économiques et recompositions régionales depuis la crise de 2007-2008, Portail de ressources électroniques en sciences humaines et sociales, https://doi.org/10.4000/interventionseconomiques.274, Licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Catalogue des 548 revues. Somers, Margaret and Fred Block (2005). Durkheim, Emile (1997 [1893]). These two moves are closely interconnected since Polanyi sought a more holistic account of social conflicts in which the specific historical context helped shape how social groups mobilized (Block and Somers 1984). Polanyi's “Double Movement”: The Belle Époques of British and U.S. Hegemony Compared Beverly J. Chang, Ha-Joon (2002). The fundamental incoherence of the free market utopia, and the day-to-day dependence of wealth holders on the state, ultimately provides an ideological opening, an opportunity, to the advocates of the protective counter movement. 31-53. Meurs, Mieke and Rasika Ranasinghe (2003). De Sousa Santos, Boaventura (2008). Yet at the same time, at multiple levels of politics–local, national, regional, and global-- we also see counter movements that have sought to check, control, or modify the impact of market forces. Similarly when I recognize that environmental struggles and labor struggles are connected, I might participate in both types of actions with equal enthusiasm.4, 46While this capacity for thick reciprocity and the building of solidaristic relationships is a constantly renewing feature of social life, actual participation in social movements is highly variable over time. A Brief History of Neoliberalism, New York : Oxford, 247p. The second was a high level of elite unity around these ideas that persisted until the election of George W. Bush in 2000. But this empowerment is not unlimited ; it also comes with a measure of vulnerability. At the global level, this meant a new set of international institutions to manage trade and financial flows. Even in the face of the most severe challenges, it cannot be assumed that strong counter movements will appear. They frame their argument within the standard language of market freedom. On one side is the movement of laissez faire--the efforts by a variety of groups to expand … The Gift : The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. This ideologically produced blindness led directly to the global economic crisis of the 1930’s. 4  For a discussion of how a social movement can self-consciously build such commonality across social divides, see De Sousa Santos 2008. “Read Their Lips : Taxation and the Right Wing Agenda”, dans Isaac Martin, Ajay Mehrotra, and Monica Prasad, eds., The Thunder of History : Taxation in Historical and Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press. Cite as. He writes : 39...the orderly production and distribution of goods was secured through a great varietyof individual motives disciplined by general principles of behavior. 1-32. Since Alexander Hamilton’s Report on Manufacturing in 1791, the suspicion has existed that the template being exported by the hegemon is not in the general interest but is designed primarily to preserve its position at the top of the global system at the expense of other nations (Chang 2002 and 2008). Volume 73, February, pp. 10For Polanyi, it is a given that markets can function in societies in many different ways. American Sociological Review. To be sure, many analysts before him had recognized the expansive and global nature of capitalism, but he took the argument a step further by showing how social struggles within particular polities were constrained and limited by the nation’s particular position within the global system of states. According to Polanyi, a self-regulating market system constitutes an order where the economy is “controlled, regulated and directed by markets alone; order in the production and distribution of goods is entrusted to this self-regulating mechanism.”1 It was such an order, which Polanyi described as “a stark utopia which could not exist for any extended period without annihilating the human and natural essence of society,”2 that constituted the centerpiece of nineteenth-century civilization. Or is it possible that the age of the double movement could finally be transcended ? 48While the recent history of the United States is very different, it also suggests the importance of ideology in explaining the relative weakness of the protective counter movement. Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System. Arrighi, Giovanni (2007). “Is an Alternative Globalization Possible ?”, Politics & Society, June, pp. 7This fictitious foundation of the market economy meant that the movement for laissez-faire always operates at a certain disadvantage. 17Moreover, ideology also conditions how political and economic events are understood. Cambridge, Mass. “Understanding the Diverging Trajectories of the United States and Europe”, Politics & Society, March, pp. The Great Transformation. 4The essay starts by laying out the broad outlines of the double movement idea, and then it elaborates the micro-foundations of the protective counter movement to explain how agents sometimes have the opportunity, the power, and the capacity to challenge and change the institutional structures of market societies. American Sociological Review, Volume70, April, pp. For Polanyi, the Gospels were the source of an obsolete paradigm in which individual freedom could only be guaranteed under the completely unrealistic condition that power and compulsion were eliminated from society. Karl Polanyi argued in The Great Transformation (2001 [1944])that the development of market societies over the past two hundred years has been shaped by a double movement. Boston : Beacon, 317p. Among these motives gain was not prominent. 2  The distinction between thin and thick or weak and strong reciprocity is also developed by others. “De-Development in Post-Socialism : Conceptual and Measurement Issues.” Politics & Society. So when the pursuit of a rapid transition to the market produced widespread economic and social dislocation, most people were left with a very limited repertoire of explanation. I am grateful to Margaret Somers for a quarter century of conversations on the work of Karl Polanyi. Such apologies are sometimes effective precisely because thick reciprocity does not demand an immediate balancing of accounts. But invoking the theory of self-regulating markets developed by Malthus and Ricardo is an effort to capitalize on a broadly shared interest in a prosperous economy and in protection from the intrusive exercise of state power. The child is supposed to understand that he or she will have the opportunity to repay in the distant future either by caring for the aging parent or by providing care for the next generation. At the same time, there would no longer be a global hegemon pressing other nations to adopt the template of market self-regulation. The Matter with Kansas?, New York: Metropolitan Books networks of solidarity that is needed for the of! Listen to the defenders of the double movement would collapse precisely why Polanyi termed the vision of a protective movement. These divisions and engage in joint action impossible can, at times, joint... Who participate in these movements reciprocity that occurs in market exchange J. Zak, ed., Moral:... Some answers are suggested by Polanyi ’ s Concept of the story Issues. Politics... Away the Ladder: Development strategy in Historical Perspective, London: Anthem Press 352p... 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