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Fortunately, the Gathas, the core of the religion, said to have been written by Zoroaster himself, survived. Zoroastrianism thus shares a common heritage with the Vedic religion of Ancient India and Hinduism. Its roots are in the proto-Indo-European spirituality that also produced the religions of India. Robinson. The poetic power of these texts, which are at the heart of the Avesta or Zoroastrian sacred literature, can still be appreciated today. The individual deities are also invoked for particular tasks. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'religioustolerance_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',700,'0','0']));Copyright © 1996 to 2011 by Ontario Consultants dualism, set within the human consciousness. KEY INDIVIDUALS. Dating from the 9th century CE, this document is the oldest extant Zoroastrian manuscript, predating the Avestan manuscripts by about 300 years. This image shows the first page of a manuscript which begins with the Yatha ahu vairyo (‘Just as he is to be chosen by life’) and the Ashem vohū (‘Good order’), two of the holiest Zoroastrian prayers. That language is closely related to the Sanskrit of the ancient Vedic hymns. It is a multi-faceted faith centered on a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology predicting the ultimate conquest of evil with theological elements of henotheism, monotheism/monism, and polytheism. Folio 151 verso shows the beginning of chapter nine of the Zoroastrian law-book, which concerns the nine-night purification ritual (barashnum nuh shab) for someone who has been defiled by contact with a dead body. order, promotion of social justice and individual choice between good and evil. The Zoroastrian community is sharply divided between those who would follow Eventually, everything will be purified. Within the Gathas, the original Zoroastrian sacred text, these The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above This is a copy of the Vīdēvdād accompanied by its Pahlavi translation and interpretation. However, these are the opposite of the wing feathers. The Avestan Yasna sādah. Evil, and the Spirit of Evil, will be completely These religious ideas are encapsulated in the sacred texts of the Zoroastrians and assembled in a body of literature called the Avesta. Zoroastrians use three calendars: Shenshai, Qadimi and Fasli. She specialises in Zoroastrianism and the tradition of its sacred texts, of which she has published several editions. Composed in an ancient Iranian language, Avestan, the Avesta is made up of different texts, most of which are recited in the Zoroastrian rituals, some of them by priests only, others by both priests and laypeople. Under Alexander’s oppressive rule, many priests were murdered and sacred texts were burned. Zarathustra), the remaining parts of the Avestas were written. Peshdadian: the first dynasty of ancient Iran. Faravahar . It survives there in isolated areas but primarily exists in India, where the descendants of Zoroastrian Persian immigrants are known as Parsis, or Parsees. Professor Almut Hintze explores its history and some of the key components of the religion: its beliefs, sacred texts and rituals. The Arcasids were good and just rulers and Zoroastrianism was revived under their reign. In India the religion is called Parsiism. Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was the first of the world's religions to be founded by an inspired prophetic reformer. The major beliefs of Zoroastrianism can be found in its principal holy text, the Avesta. Members can pray at home instead of going to a temple if they wish. West [1885] Pahlavi Texts… ): a 'mortal-sin'; an individual who has committed a mortal sin. Folios 96-97 of this copy of the Yasna sādah, or ‘pure’ Yasna (i.e. They symbolize Bad Thoughts, Bad Words, and Bad Deeds. There are twenty-one hymns, or Yashts (Yt), dedicated to a variety of divinities whose praise is not only legitimised, but demanded by Ahura Mazda, who presides over them all. The Gathas are abstract sacred poetry, The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today. This book is useful for the later history of the Zoroastrians. The Avesta was eventually written down in an alphabet designed especially for this purpose and developed on the basis of a cursive form of the Pahlavi script. After death, a person's urvan (soul) is allowed three days to meditate on his/her past Zoroastrianism or Mazdayasna is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. This book is useful for the later history of the Zoroastrians. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago. In India the religion is called Parsiism. As the tradition of the Avesta was entirely oral, its translation and explanation would have been memorised together with the Avesta, although the exegesis, called Zand, was more flexible and open to being altered and expanded. These texts were composed orally at different times, and the oldest of them, the so-called Gathas, or ‘songs’ of Zarathustra, the Yasna Haptanghaiti and two prayers, probably date from some time in the mid- to late second millennium BCE. Their worship includes prayers and symbolic ceremonies. The latter represent the basic source of the religion. Instructions on Zoroastrian ritual matters: The migration of the Zoroastrians from Iran to India: Galleries, Reading Rooms, shop and catering opening times vary. Zoroastrianism, although the smallest of the major religions of the world in the number of its adherents, is historically one of the most important. Belief in sin and expiation of sin. Usage terms Public DomainHeld by© British Library. gradually transforming the world towards its heavenly ideal; A final state after this renovation when good and evil will be separated. The tradition of the Avesta and its exegesis that has come down to the present day is that of the province of Pars, the centre of imperial and priestly power during the Sasanian era. pheta IMPORTANT SITES. Composed in an ancient Iranian language, Avestan, the Avesta is made up of different texts, most of which are recited in the Zoroastrian rituals, some of them by priests only, others by both priests and laypeople. Zoroastrian texts describer heaven as a place of pure joy and happiness inundated with the light of God and hell as a cold and dark place where the evil spirits subject the sinners to gruesome punishments. Communication between Himself and humans All Avestan texts were composed and transmitted orally, although presumably from the late Sasanian period onwards there also existed a written tradition. INTRODUCTION TO ZOROASTRIANISM P. O. Skjærvø: EIrCiv 102a, Spring 2006 vi February 7, 2006 BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY Some useful literature Boyce, M., 1979, Zoroastrians.Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London. The Avesta script was invented artificially, presumably around 600 CE, in the province of Pars in order to write down the sound of the recitation at a time when the meaning of the texts had long been forgotten. Latest update and review: 2012-JAN-25 Another school of thought perceives the battle between Good and Evil as an ethical Peshotan (Pers. Zarathustra is held to be the founder of the religion, and his followers call themselves Zartoshtis or Zoroastrians. Arguably one of the most poetic sections of the whole Avesta, Yasna 44, consists of rhetorical questions posed to Ahura Mazda about the creation of the universe, such as who established the path of the sun and the stars, who made the moon wax and wane, and who holds the earth down below and prevents the clouds from falling down? have a general and even universal vision. It contains only consonants and is read from right to left. Zoroastrianism is the ancient, pre-Islamic religion of Persia (modern-day Iran). People's good works are seen as Pahlavi texts in which Aramaic elements are replaced with their Iranian equivalents, transcribed in the Avestan script. Alexander was followed by the reign of the Seleucids in 311 BCE who were followed by the Arcasids. This 17th century copy was written in Iran. Ascribed to the teachings of the Iranian-speaking spiritual leader Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra), it exalts an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda(Wise Lord), as its supreme being. The soul is then judged by a troika consisting of Mithra, Sraosha and Rashnu. These religious ideas are encapsulated in the sacred texts of the Zoroastrians and assembled in a body of literature called the Avesta. Otherwise, the soul is led to Hell. Mithra, for instance, is the deity who watches over contracts, while Anahita is especially close to women and helps them conceive and give birth. It developed about three and a half thousand years ago from the ancient Indo-Iranian religion that was once shared by the ancestors of nomadic herding tribes that later settled in Iran and northern India. Zoroastrians believe that their religion was revealed by their supreme God, called Ahura Mazda, or ‘Wise Lord’, to a priest called Zarathustra (or Zoroaster, as the Greeks called him). 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